Ben Bernanke, Now and Then

At American Economic Association, Sunday 

‘We must be especially vigilant in ensuring that the recent experiences are not repeated….if adequate [reguatory] reforms are not made, or if they are made but prove insufficient to prevent dangerous buildups of financial risks, we must remain open to using monetary policy as a supplementary tool for addressing those risks.’ 

As Fed governor, 2002 

‘Understandably, as a society, we would like to find ways to mitigate the potential instabilities associated with asset-price booms and busts. Monetary policy is not a useful tool for achieving this objective, however.’ 

“We still have much to learn about how best to make monetary policy and to meet threats to financial stability in this new era,” he said. 

The Fed has pushed overnight bank-lending rates to near zero and has said it expects to keep them there for at least several more months because the economy remains weak and inflation low. Some private economists and officials in Asia and Europe have warned this could plant the seeds for a new bubble, though Fed officials have argued that market gains in the U.S. haven’t gotten out of hand. 

This year’s meeting of economists from universities around the world and top government officials has been dominated by debate about the causes and consequences of the financial crisis. 

While many economists here believe a recovery is under way, many are wary about its strength and staying power. Donald Kohn, the Fed’s vice chairman, pointed to “lingering credit constraints” and cautious businesses and households as reasons to expect a slow rebound this year. While he said the Fed would need to begin withdrawing its stimulus from the economy “well before” it has returned to full strength, he gave no indication that a tightening was approaching any time soon. 

Martin Feldstein, a Harvard University economist and former Reagan administration economist, is worried that consumer spending could wane as government stimulus wears off. “There is a significant risk the economy could run out of steam sometime in 2010,” he warned. 

Critics have said the Fed kept interest rates too low for too long earlier this decade, helping to fuel a housing bubble at the root of the recent financial crisis. Mr. Bernanke acknowledged that monetary policy was accommodative not only in the U.S. but all over the world during this stretch. But he made a lengthy, professorial case — detailed with 10 pages of charts — against the idea that the Fed’s interest-rate policies were the main problem.

— John Broderick

For example, he noted that some countries such as Germany and Japan had looser monetary policies than the U.S. during this stretch, but didn’t experience housing bubbles. Other countries such as Spain and Ireland had tighter policies but even bigger booms. Mr. Bernanke pinned the blame on lax supervision of toxic mortgages by the Fed and other bank regulators, as well as excessive money going into U.S. assets from Asian investors. “Borrowers chose, and were extended, mortgages that they could not be expected to service in the longer term,” he said. 

—Michael Derby contributed to this article.